专利(patent)是由政府机关或者代表若干国家的区域性组织,根据申请而颁发的一种文件。这种文件记载了发明创造的内容,并且在一定时期内产生这样一种法律状态,即获得专利的发明创造在一般情况下他人只有经专利权人许可才能予以实施。专利在我国分为发明、实用新型和外观设计三种类型。
不同类型的专利有效期限(expiration date /expiry date/duration)也不一样。专利申请授权后,专利权保护期限自申请日起计算:
发明专利权(patent for invention)的保护期限为20年;
实用新型专利权和外观设计专利权(patent right for utility model or design)的期限为10年。
相关法律法规:
《专利法》第二条:
本法所称的发明创造是指发明、实用新型和外观设计。
发明,是指对产品、方法或者其改进所提出的新的技术方案。
实用新型,是指对产品的形状、构造或者其结合所提出的适于实用的新的技术方案。
外观设计,是指对产品的整体或者局部的形状、图案或者其结合以及色彩与形状、图案的结合所作出的富有美感并适于工业应用的新设计。
第四十二条第一款:
发明专利权的期限为二十年,实用新型专利权的期限为十年,外观设计专利权的期限为十五年,均自申请日起计算。
参考双语例句:
The FTC claimed that Bristol conspired to list improperly an invalid patent in the Orange Book regarding its product “Taxol”. Bristol was also alleged to have paid its potential buspirone rival over USD 70 million to withhold competition until patent expiration, eliminating the only potential generic threat to BuSpar for the entire patent period (FTC, 2003b).
联邦贸易委员会,2003b)联邦贸易委员会主张,Bristol公司图谋将一个不合格的关于其产品 Taxol 的专利列入桔皮书之中,并向潜在的生产丁螺环酮的竞争对手支付了7000万美元,从而在专利到期之前限制市场竞争,消灭整个专利有效期内唯一一个潜在的仿制药威胁。
Moreover, if the duration of patents was extended for an additional five years, as had been proposed by certain pharmaceutical companies and developed countries, the situation would further deteriorate.
还有,如果按有些制药公司和发达国家的提议将专利期再延长五年,情况将更加糟糕。
Three kinds of controversies have bedeviled the use of intellectual property in science and in sciencebased commerce recently: an over-liberal granting of patents, which can lead to increased litigation costs and extremely complex systems of cross-licensing and patent trading amongst corporations and governments; new database laws, which effectively give single corporations rights over facts – something the intellectual property systems of the world have long been explicitly opposed to, and which can curtail even the most innocuous basic research by introducing prohibitive costs; and the rise of so-called ‘business-method’ patents in information technology.
最近围绕知识产权在科学和科学商务应用界有三种争论争得热火朝天:过于宽松的专利权授 予可导致诉讼费用增加,并使公司和政府间的交叉许可制度及专利贸易制度高度复杂化;新数据库法律能有效地授予公司事实权(世界知识产权体系早就明确反对),甚至由于引起极贵费用而阻碍了最无害的基础研究;信息技术中所谓“商业方法”专利的增加。