terrorist financing 恐怖融资
恐怖融资是指有下列行为:恐怖组织、恐怖分子募集、占有、使用资金或者其他形式财产;以资金或者其他形式财产协助恐怖组织、恐怖分子以及恐怖主义、恐怖活动犯罪;为恐怖主义和实施恐怖活动犯罪占有、使用以及募集资金或者其他形式财产;为恐怖组织、恐怖分子占有、使用以及募集资金或者其他形式财产。
根据《联合国制止向恐怖主义提供资助的国际公约》的规定,恐怖融资是一种犯罪行为,并且是国际法上的犯罪行为,任何国家均有义务对其进行打击。
Terrorist financing involves the solicitation, collection or provision of funds with the intention that they may be used to support terrorist acts or organizations. Funds may stem from both legal and illicit sources. More precisely, according to the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism, a person commits the crime of financing of terrorism "if that person by any means, directly or indirectly, unlawfully and willfully, provides or collects funds with the intention that they should be used or in the knowledge that they are to be used, in full or in part, in order to carry out" an offense within the scope of the Convention. 以下为具体例句:
例句1
Money laundering is the process of concealing the illicit origin of proceeds of crimes. Terrorist financing is the collection or the provision of funds for terrorist purposes. In the case of money laundering, the funds are always of illicit origin, whereas in the case of terrorist financing, funds can stem from both legal and illicit sources. The primary goal of individuals or entities involved in the financing of terrorism is therefore not necessarily to conceal the sources of the money but to conceal both the funding activity and the nature of the funded activity.
洗钱是隐藏犯罪所得非法来源的过程。恐怖融资是指为恐怖主义目的筹集或提供资金。在洗钱案件中,资金总是非法来源,而在恐怖融资案件中,资金可能来自合法和非法来源。因此,参与恐怖融资的个人或实体的主要目标不一定是隐藏资金来源,而是隐藏资助活动和被资助活动的性质。
例句2
Combating terrorist financing has been a priority for the FATF since 2001. However, in 2015, the scope and nature of terrorist threats globally intensified considerably, with terrorist attacks in many cities across the world, and the terrorist threat posed by the so-called Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, and by Al-Qaeda and their affiliated terrorist organisations.
自2001年以来,打击恐怖融资一直是FATF的优先事项。然而,在2015年,全球恐怖主义威胁的范围和性质大大加强,世界各地许多城市发生了恐怖袭击,所谓的伊拉克和黎凡特伊斯兰国以及基地组织及其附属恐怖组织构成了恐怖主义威胁。
例句3
The FATF plays a central role in global efforts in combating terrorist financing, through its role in setting global standards to combat terrorist financing, assisting jurisdictions in implementing financial provisions of the United Nations Security Council resolutions on terrorism, and evaluating countries’ ability to prevent, detect, investigate and prosecute the financing of terrorism. Yet many countries have not yet implemented the FATF Standards effectively. They do not understand the nature of TF risks they face, nor have effective means to combat them.
FATF在打击恐怖融资的全球努力中发挥着核心作用,它制定了打击恐怖融资的全球标准,协助各管辖区执行联合国安全理事会关于恐怖主义的决议的金融规定,并评估各国防止、发现、调查和起诉恐怖融资行为的能力。但是,许多国家尚未有效实施FATF标准。他们不了解他们面临的TF风险的性质,也没有有效的方法来应对这些风险。
相关知识拓展:
资助恐怖主义,一般被称为恐怖融资。根据《联合国制止向恐怖主义提供资助的国际公约》(International Convention For the Suppression of The Financing of Terrorism)的规定,恐怖融资(Terrorist Financing)是一种犯罪行为,并且是国际法上的犯罪行为,任何国家均有义务对其进行打击。恐怖融资的具体定义指任何人以任何手段,直接或间接地非法和故意地为恐怖主义活动提供或募集资金,其意图是将全部或部分资金用于,或者明知全部或部分资金将用于恐怖主义活动。同时,当有关资金还没有被实际用于实施恐怖活动时,不影响资助恐怖活动事实的成立和犯罪性。而试图资助恐怖活动、以共犯身份资助或试图资助恐怖活动、组织或指使他人资助恐怖活动、组织团体资助恐怖活动的,均属于恐怖融资。
《联合国制止向恐怖主义提供资助的国际公约》除了把资助恐怖活动确定为国际犯罪之外,还要求各当事国在其国内法中将任何形式的恐怖融资纳入犯罪的范畴,并且确保在任何情况下都不可引用政治、思想、意识形态、种族、族裔、宗教或其他类似性质的因素为恐怖融资的犯罪性质辩解。
《中华人民共和国刑法》一百二十条之一是打击资助恐怖活动的条款,“资助恐怖活动组织或者实施恐怖活动个人的,处5年以下有期徒刑、拘役、管制或者剥夺政治权利,并处罚金;情节严重的,处5年以上有期徒刑,并处罚金或者没收财产。单位犯罪的,对单位判处罚金,并对其直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任的人员,依照本款规定处罚。”
恐怖融资与洗钱犯罪既有区别又有联系。从我国刑法规定看,为恐怖主义犯罪资金及犯罪所得提供资金划转等帮助的行为可以构成洗钱罪,但以合法收入资助恐怖主义的行为,还是作为独立的资助恐怖主义犯罪加以处理。在美国遭到“9.11”恐怖袭击之后,国际社会对将反恐融资作为一项与反洗钱并列的工作达成了共识。从实际方面看,对恐怖融资的资金活动监测标准以及监管要求等,反洗钱与反恐融资基本上是完全重叠的,各国和地区反洗钱行政主管部门同时也承担反恐融资的监管职责。国际反洗钱领域最具影响的金融行动特别工作组(FATF)的有关建议及评估规则,也是将反洗钱与反恐融资金并列提出建议并进行评估。