1、Action：a legal process to stop a person or company from doing sth, or to make them pay for a mistake, etc.“诉讼；起诉”

cause of action诉因

file an action提起诉讼

prepare legal actions提起法律诉讼

Civil action for damages要求赔偿损失的民事诉讼

2、Action：“作为”，作为是指行为人以积极的身体活动实施刑法所禁止的危害行为。与不作为（forbearance/omission）对应。如：

Any negligent conduct of Party A, whether it is action or forbearance, that resulted in loss of party B shall be deemed to be breach of this Contract。

甲方的任何疏忽行为，无论是作为还是不作为，只要引起乙方损失，即可是为甲方对本合同的违约。

参考双语例句：

The Commission is charged, inter alia, with a wide range of duties, including fostering public awareness by way of education, training and public relations; promoting programs and activities; co-operating with other entities including employees and employers; conducting research and collecting information; making interventions, by leave of the court, in legal proceedings; dealing with complaints relating to violation of the constituent legislation, including by way of filing a civil action in the courts; applying to the court for general orders instructing employers to take general measures regarding all or part of their work force or employment applicants.

该委员会职责广泛，包括通过教育、培训和公关提高公众认识；推广有关方案和活动；与其他实体合作，包括雇员和雇主；开展研究和收集信息；经法庭 允许，在司法诉讼过程中采取干预措施；处理与违反组织法有关的投诉，包括通 过向法院提起民事诉讼；请求 法院发布一般规则，要求雇主针对所有或部分员工 或求职者采取一般措施。

Citizens could submit complaints about actions or omissions of the public authorities to the Ombudsman, who would investigate them and make recommendations to the competent bodies to prevent or redress cases of injustice.

公民可以就公共当局的作为或不作为 向 监 察员提出 申诉，监察员会予以调查，并就防止或纠正不公正的案件向主管机构提出建议。

States should ensure that any natural or legal person who considers that his or her request for environmental information has been unreasonably refused, in part or in full, inadequately answered or ignored, or in any other way not handled in accordance with applicable law, has access to a review procedure before a court of law or other independent and impartial body to challenge such a decision, act or omission by the public authority in question.

各国应确保任何自然人或法人，凡认为自己所提索取环境信息的请求部分 或全部地被不当驳回、未得到充分答复或被忽视、或出现其他任何未按照相关法 律处理的情况，都能够得到法庭或其他独立公正的机构的审查，就公共主管部门 的此类决定、作为或不作为提出质疑。

The injured party must file a civil action with the trial court (“sue for damages in criminal proceedings”); or they may decide to bring an action only in a civil court (see above).

人权受侵害者应通过民事诉讼――组建民事方――向审判法庭求助，或者也 可以进行 单纯的民事诉讼，向民事法官求助(见上文)。