实际利率法 effective interest method

在金融术语定义中，“实际利率法”又称“实际利息法”，是指每期的利息费用按实际利率乘以期初债券账面价值计算，按实际利率计算的利息费用与按票面利率计算的应计利息的差额，即为本期摊销的溢价或折价。

实际利率法中的实际利率，是指使某项资产或负债的未来现金流量现值等于当前公允价值的折现率。是指按照金融资产或金融负债（含一组金融资产或金融负债）的实际利率计算其摊余成本及各期利息收入或利息费用的方法。

The effective interest method is an accounting practice used to discount a bond. This method is used for bonds sold at a discount or premium; the amount of the bond discount or premium is amortized to interest expense over the bond's life. The preferred method for amortizing (or gradually expensing the discount on) a bond is the effective interest rate method. Under this method, the amount of interest expense in a given accounting period correlates with the book value of a bond at the beginning of the accounting period. Consequently, as a bond's book value increases, the amount of interest expense increases. 以下为相关例句，可供参考：

例句1

When a discounted bond is sold, the amount of the bond's discount must be amortized to interest expense over the life of the bond. When using the effective interest method, the debit amount in the discount on bonds payable is moved to the interest account. Therefore, the amortization causes interest expense in each accounting period to be higher than the amount of interest paid during each year of the bond's life.

当折价债券被出售时，债券的折价金额必须在债券有效期内摊销到利息费用中。使用实际利率法时，应付债券折价中的借方金额被转入利息账户。因此，摊销导致每个会计期间的利息费用高于债券有效期内每年支付的利息金额。

例句2

In accounting, the effective interest method examines the relationship between an asset's book value and related interest. In lending, the effective annual interest rate might refer to an interest calculation wherein compounding occurs more than once a year. In capital finance and economics, the effective interest rate for an instrument might refer to the yield based on the purchase price.

在会计中，实际利率法考察的是资产的账面价值和相关利息之间的关系。在贷款中，实际年利率可能是指一年复利发生一次以上的利息计算。在资本金融和经济学中，工具的实际利率可能指基于购买价格的收益。

例句3

The Effective Interest Method is a technique used for amortizing bonds to show the actual interest rate in effect during any period in the life of a bond before maturity. It is based on the bond’s book value at the beginning of any given accounting period. The effective interest method calculation can be an important tool when an investor purchases a bond at either a premium or a discount to its face value (also known as par value).

实际利率法是一种用于摊销债券的技术，以显示到期前债券生命周期中任何时期的实际利率。它基于债券在任何给定会计期间开始时的账面价值。当投资者以债券面值（也称为票面价值）的溢价或折价购买债券时，实际利率法计算可能是一个重要的工具。

例句4

However, the effective interest method requires more work because it needs to be recalculated for every individual interest-earning period. Therefore, it is commonly only used when a bond is purchased at a significant premium or discount or when the bond’s book value increases or decreases significantly during the life of the bond.

但是，实际利率法需要做更多的工作，因为它需要为每个单独的计息期重新计算。因此，它通常只在债券以显著的溢价或折价购买时使用，或者在债券有效期内债券的账面价值显著增加或减少时使用。

相关知识拓展：

实际利率法是采用实际利率来摊销溢折价,其实溢折价的摊销额是倒挤出来的，计算方法如下：

1、按照实际利率计算的利息费用 = 期初债券的帐面价值 * 实际利率

2、按照面值计算的利息 = 面值 * 票面利率

3、在溢价发行的情况下，当期溢折价的摊销额 = 按照面值计算的利息 - 按照实际利率计算的利息费用

4、在折价发行的情况下，当期折价的摊销额 = 按照实际利率计算的利息费用 - 按照面值计算的利息

注意：期初债券的帐面价值 = 面值 + 尚未摊销的溢价或 - 未摊销的折价。如果是到期一次还本付息的债券,计提的利息会增加债券的帐面价值，在计算的时候是要减去的。

实际利率法的特点：

1、每期实际利息收入随长期债权投资账面价值变动而变动；每期溢价，折价摊销数逐期增加。这是因为，在溢价购入债券的情况下，由于债券的账面价值随着债券溢价的分摊而减少，因此所计算的应计利息收入随之逐期减少，每期按票面利率计算的利息大于债券投资的每期应计利息收入，其差额即为每期债券溢价摊销数，所以每期溢价摊销数随之逐期增加。

2、在折价购入债券的情况下，由于债券的账面价值随着债券折价的分摊而增加，因此所计算的应计利息收入随之逐期增加，债券投资的每期应计利息收入大于每期按票面利率计算的利息，其差额即为每期债券折价摊销数，所以每期折价摊销数随之逐期增加。