股东优先认缴权 Right of First Offer
股东优先认缴权(Right of First Offer)是指公司在发行新股时,投资方作为原始股东可以按照原持有的股份数量的一定比例优先于他人进行认购股权的权利。《中华人民共和国公司法》第34条规定:“股东按照实缴的出资比例分取红利;公司新增资本时,股东有权优先按照实缴的出资比例认缴出资。但是,全体股东约定不按照出资比例分取红利或者不按照出资比例优先认缴出资的除外。”
A right of first offer (ROFO) is a contractual obligation that allows the holder to purchase an asset before the owner tries to sell it to someone else. If the right holder is no longer interested in the property, the seller can then sell it to a third party. Rights of first offer are most commonly used in the real estate industry and the sale of businesses. 具体例句如下,可供参考:
例句1
A right of first offer is usually written into a contract such as a lease agreement or business partnership. It is triggered when the owner wants to sell the asset or real property. Under the terms of the contract, the owner is obliged to give the holder of the right of first offer the first chance to buy the property. The right holder has a specific amount of time to make an offer before the right expires. The seller is free to accept or reject the offer.
股东优先认缴权通常被写入合同,如租赁协议或商业伙伴关系。当所有者想要出售资产或不动产时,它就会被触发。根据合同条款,业主有义务给予股东优先认缴权的持有人优先购买该房产的机会。权利持有人在权利到期前有特定的时间做出要约。卖方可以自由接受或拒绝要约。
例句2
Sellers typically include landlords and business owners, while right holders are generally tenants and investors. It is common in commercial real estate for the owner of commercial office space to provide a right of first offer to whomever is occupying the space being considered for future sale.
卖方通常包括房东和企业主,而权利持有人通常是租户和投资者。在商业房地产中,商用办公室的所有者向正在考虑将来出售该空间的任何人提供股东优先认缴权是很常见的。
例句3
The most common situation where a right of first offer is used is in real estate between a landlord and tenant. The tenant may want a right of first offer from the landlord to avoid being forced to relocate in the event of a sale of the property. The tenant may wish to make a reasonable offer on the property. Meanwhile, the landlord may consider the offer to make a quick sale and minimize legal and brokerage fees.
最常见的情况下,股东优先认缴权的使用是在房地产之间的房东和租客。房客可能希望房东给予股东优先认缴权,以避免在房产出售时被迫搬迁。房客可能希望对该房产提出合理的报价。与此同时,房东可能会考虑快速出售,并将法律和经纪费用降至最低。
例句4
The right of first offer is also used when a business is being sold off. A business owner may give the right of first offer to partners or investors before putting it on the general market to sell to a third party.
当一家企业被出售时,也可以使用股东优先认缴权。一个企业主在把它放在普通市场上卖给第三方之前,可以把股东优先认缴权给合伙人或投资者。
相关知识拓展:
(一)设定优先认缴权的原因
在有限责任公司中规定股东优先认缴权,主要是为了维护有限公司的人合性,保护股东的既有法律地位。
1. 保护股东的比例性利益。向股东赋予新股优先认缴权是按照原有股东持股比例进行分配,防止股权被稀释。如果公司增资时,不赋予股东优先认购权,原有股东的股权比例将会被稀释,不但会影响其财产性权利,而且会影响其非财产性权利,例如可能会丧失董事会原有席位,不能有效地参与公司日常治理,打击原有股东投资积极性。
2. 保护中小股东权益。为了保护中小股东的弱势地位,需要赋予中小股东新股优先认购权,以此来制约大股东通过认购新股来强化其控股地位的目的。
3. 提高公司融资效率。通过将新股分配给原股东,可以免去对新股东尽职调查的时间,提高融资效率;对股东优先认缴权的时间限制,可以督促股东及时行使权利,提高公司整体融资效率。
(二)股东优先认缴权的行使
1. 原则
公司应当履行告知义务,在公司需要增加资本时,公司有义务将该权利及相关内容通知公司股东,从而保障公司股东能够及时行使优先购买权。
2. 例外
(1)公司章程另有规定的除外,即公司章程可以排除股东的优先认缴权。
(2)根据《公司法》第34条第二款“全体股东约定不按照出资比例优先认缴出资的除外”,故公司为筹资或为了其他公司利益,在客观合理的基础上按照股东平等原则,依照合法程序,可以由股东大会以特别多数决议排除优先购买权。
(三)股东行使优先认缴权的限制
1. 行使期限
我国《公司法》及相关法律没有对优先认缴权的时效作出规定,但根据最高法院的公报案例,股东行使优先认缴权应有时间限制,“股东优先认缴公司新增资本的权利属于形成权,为维护交易安全和稳定经济秩序,该权利应当在一定合理期间内行使”,若股东得知公司拟发行新股后未作出行使优先认缴权的意思表示,且在公司将新股增发给新股东时未表示反对,则认为原股东放弃了优先认缴权。
2. 优先认缴出资比例的限制
原则上,股东对新增资本的优先认缴权不能超出原持股比例。如果超出原持股比例,则会损害其他股东的利益,不符合优先认缴权的立法目的。