Black Swan,即黑天鹅事件,指非常难以预测,且不寻常的事件,通常会引起市场连锁负面反应甚至颠覆。难以预测,但突然发生时会引起连锁反应、带来巨大负面影响的小概率事件。它存在于自然、经济、政治等各个领域,虽然属于偶然事件,但如果处理不好就会导致系统性风险,产生严重后果。
黑天鹅事件指满足以下三个特点的事件:
1.具有意外性;
2.产生重大影响;
3.虽然它具有意外性,但人的本性促使我们在事后为它的发生编造理由,并且或多或少认为它是可解释和可预测的。
Gray Rhino,即灰犀牛事件,是指明显的、高概率的却又屡屡被人忽视、最终有可能酿成大危机的事件。它在社会各个领域都会出现,发酵之前往往不被重视,以致错失了最好的处理或控制风险的时机,最后可能导致极其严重的后果。
Black Swan“黑天鹅”比喻小概率而影响巨大的事件;
Gray Rhino“灰犀牛”则比喻大概率且影响巨大的潜在危机。
参考双语例句:
Markets might be undermined by what Nassim Taleb, an author, has described as a “black swan”—an event with a small probability of happening, but a big impact if it does.
市场有可能被作家塔雷伯所描述的“黑天鹅”(发生几率很小,但可造成重大影响的事件)所击垮。
Mr Taleb defines a Black Swan as an event that is unexpected, has an extreme impact and is made to seem predictable by explanations concocted afterwards. It can be both positive and negative.
塔布勒将“黑天鹅”定义为影响巨大的意外事件,却在事后制定解释时被认为是可预测的,比如911事件和互联网的兴起。
The Mainland agrees to give all products of Hong Kong origin tariff free treatment starting from 1 January 2006 except for prohibited articles and the articles that are subject to special commitments of the Mainland under its international agreements (such as used or waste electrical machinery and medical/surgical products, chemical residual, municipal waste, tiger bone and rhinoceros horn), upon applications by CB(1)90/05-06(01) Page 2 local manufacturers and upon the CEPA rules of origin (ROOs) being agreed and met.
内地同意由二零零六年一月一日起,经本地制造商申请并符合双方已商定的《安排》原产地规则的所有香港产品,均可享有零关税优惠,但禁运物品及内地在有关国际协议中作出特殊承诺的产品(例如使用过或废弃的电动机器及医疗/外科用品、化学物残馀、都市废物、虎骨及犀牛角)除外。