法律术语之“法定监护”、“意定监护”和“自愿监护”

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法定监护(legal guardianship),指监护人是由法律直接规定而设置的监护。《民法典》第26条确认,父母对未成年子女负有抚养、教育和保护的义务。成年子女对父母负有赡养、扶助和保护的义务。

 

自愿监护(voluntary guardianship),指被监护人不存在法定监护人的情况下,不负有法定监护义务的人自愿担任监护,并经主管组织同意对被监护人进行监护。

 

意定监护(guardianship by conduct),是指具有完全民事行为能力的成年人可以与其近亲属、其他愿意担任监护人的个人或者组织事先协商,以书面形式确定自己的监护人。协商确定的监护人在该成年人丧失或者部分丧失民事行为能力时,履行监护职责。意定监护制度,具有普遍保护完全丧失或者部分丧失民事行为能力的成年人的重大意义。

 

没有依法具有监护资格的人,由民政部门或者被监护人住所地的居民委员会、村民委员会担任监护人,它们是公职监护人。设定公职监护人,须被监护人没有依法具有监护资格的人,包括法定监护人、意定监护人和自愿监护人。上述民政部门或者居民委员会、村民委员会对被监护人作出监护意思表示的,即为公职监护人。

 

参考双语例句:

Above all, in cases where state or public bodies act as the legal guardians of such persons who are in psychiatric care, in children’s homes or nursing homes, there may be conflicting interests as regards the approval of research projects whenever those state bodies also have an interest. unesdoc.unesco.org

最重要的是,在国家或公共机构作为那些正在进行精神病治疗的人、幼儿园的孩子和养老院的老人的法定监护人的情况下,每当那些政府和公共机构在研究项目中有利益时,批准该研究项目与否,就可能有利益冲突。

Germany recommended that Saudi Arabia (a) implement the 2008 recommendations by the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, in particular by abolishing the system of male guardianship over women and enacting comprehensive and effective regulations on gender discrimination; (b) lift its general and its specific reservations to CEDAW; and (c) review its practice of imposing capital and corporal punishment and prohibit all forms of corporal punishment for persons under 18 years of age.

德国建议沙特阿拉伯:(a)落实消除对妇女歧视委员会2008年的建议,尤其是废除男性监护女性的制度,并建议就性别歧视问题颁布全面且有效的立法;(b)撤销沙特对《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》的一般和具体保留;(c)审查该国判处死刑和体罚的做法,禁止对不满18岁者的一切体罚形式。

Section II, title X, article 328 of the Family Code states: “When the health, safety, morality or education of a minor are jeopardized or insufficiently protected owing to the immoral behaviour or disability of the father and mother or of the person accorded the right of guardianship, or when, owing to misconduct or unruly behaviour, a minor gives these individuals cause for very serious dissatisfaction or renders them incapable of exercising guidance, the juvenile judge may on his own initiative, at the behest of the public prosecutor or at the behest of the father, mother or guardian, rule that the minor shall, for a period not to extend beyond the date of his coming of age, be visited regularly by a social worker or placed on probation.

《家庭法典》第二部分X标题第328条规定:“当一个未成年人的健康、安全、精神或教育,由于父母或监护人的不道德或无能,遭到破坏或者未得到足够保护时,或由于未成年人的不端行为或不守纪律,使父母或监护人极为不满或者使他们无法履行指导职责时,少年事务法官按规定,或在公共部长的要求下、或者在父母或监护人的要求下,可以决定让该未成年人在一定时期内(这个时间不可以超过其成年的时间),接受社会助理的定期到访,或者接受监视自由制度的管理”。

发布于 2023-06-02 15:15:40
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