undue influence指不当影响,在英国法中,指一种影响、压力或控制力,使得一方当事人由此而不能自由、独立地就自己的行为作出选择。它作为衡平法的原则,是推定欺诈〔constructive fraud〕原则的组成部分。一方当事人从合同中获利或接受另一方当事人的赠与,如果对方当事人在交易中因受该方当事人的影响而无从进行自由、独立的判断,则该交易是可撤销的。
一般当双方当事人之间具有信任关系时,例如监护人和被监护人、医生和病人、律师和当事人等之间的关系,可推定存在不正当影响,但这一推定是可以被推翻的。在其他情况下则可以由主张者提供证据加以证明,而认定存在不正当影响。在选举事务中,它是指任何外力、暴力、限制或伤害、胁迫、恐吓,以诱使任何人报案或不报案。
美国法亦认为,如果某一合同、交易、关系或行为的同意是在不正当影响下作出的,则其属于可撤销的。在遗嘱与遗产继承中,它是指破坏立遗嘱人自由意志的胁迫。如果由遗嘱受益人实际上执行遗嘱,则可以基于立遗嘱人与影响人之间的信任关系而推定不当影响的存在。亦作improper influence。
为了更好的理解该词,以下是其英文释义:In jurisprudence, undue influence is an equitable doctrine that involves one person taking advantage of a position of power over another person. This inequity in power between the parties can vitiate one party's consent as they are unable to freely exercise their independent will.
双语例句:
(1)Where the disparity in bargaining powers is obvious and when it is doubtful that undue influence will exist, these are relevant factors that the Commissioner will consider as to whether voluntary and express consent has indeed been given.
如双方的谈判能力明显不均,及令人怀疑存在不当的影响,专员在决定同意是否自愿及明确地给予时,会考虑这些相关因素。
(2)Under the proposed section 13F, a commercial practice is aggressive if, in its factual context, taking account of all of its features and circumstances, it significantly impairs or is likely significantly to impair the average consumer's freedom of choice or conduct in relation to the product concerned through the use of harassment, coercion or undue influence, thereby causing the consumer to make a transactional decision that the consumer would not have made otherwise.
根据拟议第13F条,如按某营业行为的实际情况,并考虑到该营业行为的所有特点及情况,该营业行为通过使用骚扰、威迫手段或施加不当影响,在相当程度上损害或相当可能在相当程度上损害一般消费者就有关产品在选择及行为方面的自由,并因而导致该消费者作出某项交易决定,而倘若该消费者没有接触该营业行为,该消费者不会作出该项交易决定,则该营业行为即属具威吓性的营业行为。