三者都是英国法院中常用的术语。
“writ”和“petition”为英国高等法院(the High Court)的民事诉讼(civil litigation)中使用的诉状。
英国高等法院中的诉状有四种形式,“writ”和“petition”即为其中两种:writ(起诉令)、originating summons (起诉书)、originating notice of motion(起诉动议通知)以及petition(起诉状),其可有与之相适应的程序,即其timetable等。
其中,writ(起诉令)用于Queen’s/King’s Bench Division(女王座/王座法院),其最为常见,多适用于争议案件(contentious cases)中,这些案件包括:(1)侵权之诉(非法入侵土地除外)(tort cases other than trespass to land);(2)反欺诈之诉(actions in which the claim is based on an allegation of fraud);(3)涉及死亡、人身伤害、财产损失之违约索赔之诉(actions in which the plaintiff claims damages for breach of duty, whether contractual statutory or otherwise, where the damages claimed consists of or includes in respect of death, personal injuries, or damage to property); (4)专利之诉(patent actions)以及(5)其他由法律或法规规定由传唤令提起之诉讼,如无被告的海事诉讼或遗嘱检验诉讼等(other actions which are specifically required to be commenced by writ under any statute or any other rule, eg, admiralty actions in rem and probate actions)。
Originating summons (“起诉书)用于大法官法院(Chancery Court),其多适用于无争议诉讼(non-contentious cases),故其程序要比用writ提起的诉讼简单,省略了所谓的“诉讼武器”(weapon of litigation),即诉辩状、证据开示、口头证据(pleadings、automatic discovery、oral evidence)等程序。此类案件多为(1)有关法律或文据、契据、遗嘱、合同或其他单据或法律问题的解释之案件,(2)无实质事实争议的案件(in which there is unlikely to be any substantial dispute of fact)。根据英国民事诉讼法之规定,只有选用writ和originating summons两形式起诉者才能提起第三人之诉讼(third party proceedings)。
Originating notice of motion(“起诉动议通知”)及petition(“起诉状”)的用法都很少,只在法律专门规定之领域适用。如originating notice of motion可适用于某些无争议的遗嘱检验或司法审查案件中。Petition则适用于诸如离婚、个人破产或公司破产之诉(examples of petitions include divorces, and bankruptcy and winding up petitions)。
“summons”基本等同于“writ”。其与后者的区别在于前者属于英国郡法院(county court)的起诉书类型,而后者则属于高等法院的起诉书类型。