首先,breach在合同中一般指违法或违约:
在不同的上下文中有不同的含义,可以指违反法律、侵害他人权利、不履行自己的义务或职责等;其行为方式可以是作为,也可以是不作为。现多用于指合同一方当事人未能履行合同条款、允诺或条件,即违约〔breach of contract〕。
在“fundamental breach”和“anticipatory breach”中,均指违约。
fundamental breach根本性违约
是指违约方的故意行为造成的违约,如卖方完全不交货,买方无理拒收货物、拒付货款,其结果给受损方造成实质损害(substantial detriment)。如果一方当事人根本违约,另一方当事人可以主张解除合同,并可要求损害赔偿。
A fundamental breach is that one of the parties to the agreement failed to comply with its part of the business by failing to fulfill a contractual clause that was important to the agreement to such an extent that another party could not fulfill its own responsibilities in the contract.
所谓根本性违约,按《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》第25条的规定为:一方当事人违反合同的结果,如使另一方当事人蒙受损害,以至于实际上剥夺了他根据合同有权期待得到的东西,即为根本性违反合同,除非违反合同的一方并不预知而且同样一个通情达理的人处于相同情况中也没有理由预知会发生这种结果。
anticipatory breach预期违约
指在履行期限到来之前,义务人以言词、行为明确而清楚地表明其将拒绝履行义务的意图,则这些言行是对合同的放弃,另一方当事人可据此视合同已被终止。预期违约多发生在销售合同中。在美国,各司法管辖区对此有不同的规定,有的认为当事人可在对方表示预期违约的意图之日提起违约之诉,有的则要求须至合同确定的履行之日才能开始诉讼。
In contract law, anticipatory breach occurs when a party repudiates prior to the date that the performance is due. Anticipatory breach is an excuse for non-performance by the non-breaching party. A party can retract its anticipatory breach provided that the non-breaching party has not relied on it.
以下为相关双语示例,供参考:
The buyer failed to prove the fundamental breach of contract and failed to rely on a lack of conformity within a reasonable time according to Articles 38, 39 and 46 CISG.
买方未证明根本违约,且未根据《销售公约》第 38 条、第 39 条和第 46 条 在合理的时限内以不符合规定为依据。
The different remedies are regulated in the law for the two forms of the anticipatory breach.
针对两种预期违约形态的不同特点,法律对其规定了不同的救济方法。