近年来，中美专利/商标诉讼案件频发，先有重竹地板诉美国SMITH & FONG公司侵犯其专利权，后有摩托罗拉诉国内“小华为”海能达盗用其商业秘密。跨国诉讼中，对各国不同的专利/商标诉讼进行全面的了解是非常重要的。其中，合理许可费reasonable royalty更是重中之重，因为它直接决定了涉诉公司可获得/需作出多少赔偿。

在美国，合理许可费的计算方法包括虚拟谈判法（the hypothetical negotiation）和分析法（the analytical approach）

hypothetical negotiation虚拟谈判法

虚拟谈判法指的是假设专利权人与侵权人在侵权发生之前可能会同意达成的专利许可费就是合理许可费。使用虚拟谈判法时，双方尽可能地尝试重建事前许可的谈判场景，并说明由此达成的协议。

判例法是美国法律最主要的渊源之一。美国的专利侵权案件常用判例法来处理。虚拟谈判法亦是源于Georgia Pacific案【Georgia-Pacific Corp, v. U.S. Plywood Corp., 318 F. Supp. 1116 (S.D.N.Y. 1970)】。Georgia Pacific案中提出了15个Georgia Pacific factors。虚拟谈判法正是其中的第15个。15个Georgia Pacific factors如下：

1.The royalties received by the patent owner for the licensing of the patent-in-suit, proving or tending to prove an established royalty;

利权人因许可诉讼中的专利而收取的许可费（已证实或趋于证实的既定许可费）。

2.The rates paid by the licensee for the use of other patents comparable to the patent-in-suit;

被许可方为使用与诉讼中的专利相当的其他专利而支付的费率。

3.The nature and scope of the license, as exclusive or non-exclusive, or as restricted or non-restricted in terms of territory or with respect to whom the manufactured product may be sold;

许可的性质和范围，是否具有排他性或非排他性，在许可地区或制成品销售对象方面是否受限。

4.The licensor’s established policy and marketing program to maintain its patent monopoly by not licensing others to use the invention or by granting licenses under special conditions designed to preserve that monopoly;

许可方为维持其专利垄断而制定的政策和营销计划（通过不许可他人使用发明，或在旨在维护专利垄断的特殊条件下授予许可）。

5.The commercial relationship between the licensor and the licensee, such as whether they are competitors in the same territory in the same line of business, or whether they are inventor and promoter;

许可方和被许可方之间的商业关系，例如双方是否是同一地区同一业务领域的竞争对手；或者，是否是发明者和推广者。

6.The effect of selling the patented specialty in promoting sales of other products of the licensee; the existing value of the invention to the licensor as a generator of sales of its non-patented items; and the extent of such derivative or convoyed sales;

销售专利产品对促进被许可方其他产品销售的影响；发明对许可方销售其非专利产品的现有价值；以及此类衍生或替代销售的范围。

7.The duration of the patent and the term of the license;

专利期限和许可条款。

8.The established profitability of the product made under the patent; its commercial success; and its current popularity;

根据专利制造的产品的既定盈利能力；产品的商业成功程度；以及产品目前的受欢迎程度。

9.The utility and advantages of the patent property over the old modes or devices, if any, that had been used for working out similar results;

专利财产相对于用于得出类似成果的旧模型或设备（如有）的效用和优势。

10.The nature of the patented invention; the character of the commercial embodiment of it as owned and produced by the licensor; and the benefits to those who have used the invention;

专利发明的性质；由许可方拥有和生产的其商业体现的性质；以及对该发明使用者的好处。

11.The extent to which the infringer has made use of the invention, and any evidence probative of the value of that use;

侵权者使用发明的程度；以及任何证明该用途价值的证据。

12.The portion of the profit or of the selling price that may be customary in the particular business or in comparable businesses to allow for the use of the invention or analogous inventions;

在特定业务或可比业务中，通常就允许使用该发明或类似发明而收取的利润或售价。

13.The portion of the realizable profit that should be credited to the invention as distinguished from non-patented elements, the manufacturing process, business risks, or significant features or improvements added by the infringer;

应计入发明（有别于非专利要素、制造工艺、商业风险或侵权者增加的重要特征或改进）的可变现利润部分。

14.The opinion testimony of qualified experts; and

合资质专家的意见证词。

15.The amount that a licensor (such as the patent owner) and a licensee (such as the infringer) would have agreed upon (at the time the infringement began) if both had been reasonably and voluntarily trying to reach an agreement; that is, the amount that a prudent licensee – who desired, as a business proposition, to obtain a license to manufacture and sell a particular article embodying the patented invention – would have been willing to pay as a royalty and yet be able to make a reasonable profit, and which amount would have been acceptable by a prudent patent owner who was willing to grant a license.

许可方（如专利权人）和被许可方（如侵权者）若（于侵权伊始）合理且自愿地尝试达成协议，本将约定的金额；换言之，该金额为谨慎被许可人（在商业提案项下，希望取得许可，以制造和销售包含专利发明的特定物品的人）愿意支付的、能够使其获得合理利润的许可费金额，且该金额同时为愿意授予许可的谨慎专利权人可以接受的金额。

以摩托罗拉诉海能达为例，法官在确认合理许可费时，即先确定虚拟谈判中的金额上下限（即侵权人愿意支付的最高金额与被侵权人愿意接受的最低金额），然后在通过考虑上述15个因素进行酌情增减。

As described in the 15th Georgia-Pacific factor, the hypothetical negotiation concerns the reasonable royalty that a licensor and a licensee "would have agreed upon (at the time the infringement began).

analytical approach分析法

分析法则指的是通过一定的计算公式得出合理许可使用费的数额。

分析法最早是在1986年的TWMManufacturing Co. v. Dura Corp案中被用于司法实践的。[41]在该案中，证据显示侵权人获得的毛利润率为53%，在进行相应的费用扣除后，运营利润率为在37%-42%之间。而与此同时，行业的正常利润率大约在7.5%-12.5%之间。据此，法院认为侵权人应该支付给权利人的许可费率为30%。

The “analytical approach” is the second methodology specifically approved by the Federal Circuit for computing reasonable royalty damages. In reality, it has nothing to do with any hypothetical negotiation, but rather, it involves calculating damages based on the infringer’s own internal profit projections for the infringing item at the time the infringement began, and then apportioning the projected profit between the parties as a percentage of sales. The patentee’s percentage is then applied to the sales dollars for the actual infringing sales to determine the reasonable royalty damages.