提到joint enterprise,我们自然而然会想到合资企业,但其实除了这一层意思,它还有一个很少人知道的含义:共谋犯罪;共同行为。
先来看一下元照英美法词典对joint enterprise的解释:
(1)共谋犯罪
(2)共同侵权;共同行为。指两人或多人共同实施的行为,并从行为中共同受益,并且其中某一人的疏忽和过失可以由其他人承担责任。
(3)合营;联合经营。两个或两个以上的人为了共同利益所组成的单一商业企业。它包括以下必要条件:1明示或默示的协议;2共同的目标;3同享收益、共担风险;4合营或合伙各方在管理和控制企业上拥有平等的权利。
(4)非商业性合营(企业)
词典中对这个词的解释比较细,但其实总体来说,只有两层含义,即:共同行为;合营。
共同行为
如例句:
Joint enterprise is a doctrine of criminal law which permits two or more defendants to be convicted of the same criminal offence in relation to the same incident, even where they had different types or levels of involvement in the incident. For centuries, it has been an established and relatively uncontentious aspect of the criminal law of England and Wales that an individual who has intentionally assisted or encouraged another to commit an offence can be held liable for that offence; and that both individuals can be convicted even if it is not known which of them committed the essential act and which was the ‘accessory’.
共同行为是一种刑法原则,允许两名或两名以上的被告就同一事件被判犯有同一刑事罪行,即使他们参与该事件的类型或程度不同。几个世纪以来,在英格兰和威尔士的刑法中,有意协助或鼓励他人犯罪的人可以被追究刑事责任,这已成为一个公认的且相对没有争议的方面;两个人都可以被定罪,即使不知道谁犯了主要罪行,谁是“从犯”。
合营
如例句:
Article 8 A joint enterprise shall strengthen finance control during its establishment period.
第八条合营企业必须加强筹办期间的财务管理。