隔壁翻译菌

盆友们大家好~

叒叕见面啦~

本领域将涉及国际商事交易的最主要、最基本问题：商事组织、竞争、融资、会计、劳工、银行、合同等等多个方面~

本系列主要参考中国人民大学出版社《国际商事经济法律通则》一书，笔者很推荐对此方面感兴趣的盆友们阅读哦~~

第六篇 合同法和商法（下篇）

（Accounting Rules）

PART 6 商事合同

 (Commercial Contracts)

商事合同是商人所从事的货物买卖合同，而商人就是指以销售货物为业的人。

The central core of “commercial contracts” would be contracts for the sale of goods by merchants - that is, by persons who are in the business of selling goods.

关于商事合同法，有三个问题值得特别注意：

1.财产权和所有权。调整货物买卖的法律通常明确规定货物所有权何时从卖方转移到买方。

A first noteworthy point concerns concepts of property and ownership. Laws governing the sale of goods usually specify clearly the point at which the ownership interests in the goods sold pass from the seller to the buyer.

这个问题是很重要的，原因是：

1

（1）所有权转移与风险转移有关，而当事人需要知道风险何时从卖方转移到买方。

The parties need to know when the risk of loss or damage passes from the seller to the buyer.

2

（2）确定所有权转移的时间与对货物买卖进行融资有关。

Another reason for specifying the passage of ownership relates to financing a sale of goods.

有些情况下，买方并没有足够的资金直接支付货款，因而需要从银行贷款，而银行通常会要求在买方付清贷款之前，货物的担保利益（security interests）属于银行。如果买方最终无力归还贷款，则货物归银行所有。

2.交易形式的多样化。

在商事交易中，最简单的交易类型是交货与付款同时进行，直接交换。

The most straightforward sale would involve immediate exchange of the goods for the payment.

稍微复杂一些的是货物分期交付，货款则分别在每批货物交付之后支付。

Somewhat more complicated is the case in which delivery takes place in several installments, and payment is made on each installment.

更复杂的交易类型是货物分批交付，而货款的支付时间与货物的交付时间完全不相关。

More complicated yet is the case in which delivery takes place in several installments but payment takes place on an entirely different schedule.

3.在具备哪些要素的情况下买卖合同才可以有效成立并对当事人具有约束力。当然对于商事合同而言，下列条款是通常应该具备的：

（1）对货物的描述；

A description of the goods,

（2）货物的价格；

The price,

（3）货物的质量；

The quantity of goods sold,

（4）交货的时间、地点；

The time and place of delivery, and

（5）付款的时间、地点和方式。

The time and place and form of payment.

PART 7 中国合同法与商法

一、合同的订立

依据我国《合同法》的规定，合同是平等主体的自然人、法人、其他组织之间设立、变更、终止民事权利义务关系的协议。

A contract in this Law refers to an agreement among natural persons, legal persons or other organizations as equal parties for the establishment, modification of a relationship involving the civil rights and obligations of such entities.

在我国，合同的订立同样需要要约和承诺两个阶段。

要约是一方当事人以缔结合同为目的，向对方当事人所作的意思表示。其主要构成要件是：（1）内容具体确定。（2）表明经受要约人承诺，要约人即受该意思表示约束。

An offer is a party's manifestation of intention to enter into a contract with the other party, which shall comply with the following: (i) Its terms are specific and definite；(ii) It indicates that upon acceptance by the offeree, the offeror will be bound thereby.

承诺是受要约人同意要约的意思表示。它应当以通知的方式作出，但根据交易习惯或者要约表明可以通过行为作出承诺的除外。

An acceptance is the offeree's manifestation of intention to assent to an offer. An acceptance shall be manifested by notification, except where it may be manifested by conduct in accordance with the relevant usage or as indicated in the offer.

承诺必须具备如下条件，才能产生法律效力：（1）必须由受要约人向要约人作出。（2）必须在规定的期限内到达要约人。（3）承诺的内容与要约的内容一致。通常情况下，承诺生效时合同成立。

二、合同的效力

合同的效力是指合同所获得的法律之力，即合同在法律上被赋予的效果。在我国，依据合同效力的不同，可以把合同分为无效合同、可变更、可撤销的合同、效力待定的合同和有效、生效的合同。

对于因重大误解或显失公平订立的合同，以及一方以欺诈、胁迫的手段或者乘人之危，使对方在违背真实意思的情况下订立的合同，受损害方可以要求人民法院或者仲裁机构变更或撤销。

Either of the parties may petition the People's Court or an arbitration institution for amendment or cancellation of a contract if:

(i) the contract was concluded due to a material mistake；

(ii) the contract was grossly unconscionable at the time of its conclusion.

If a party induced the other party to enter into a contract against its true intention by fraud or duress, or by taking advantage of the other party's hardship, the aggrieved party is entitled to petition the People's Court or an arbitration institution for amendment or cancellation of the contract.

但一方以欺诈、胁迫手段订立合同，损害到国家利益的；恶意串通，损害国家、集体或者第三人利益；以合法形式掩盖非法目的；损害社会公共利益；违反法律、行政法规的强制性规定的，基于以上情形订立的合同均属无效合同。

A contract is invalid in any of the following circumstances:

(i) One party induced conclusion of the contract through fraud or duress, thereby harming the interests of the state;

(ii) The parties colluded in bad faith, thereby harming the interests of the state, the collective or any third party;

(iii) The parties intended to conceal an illegal purpose under the guise of a legitimate transaction;

(iv) The contract harms public interests;

(v) The contract violates a mandatory provision of any law or administrative regulation.

限制民事行为能力人所订立的依法不能独立订立的合同，是效力待定的合同；如果事后被其法定代理人追认，则合同有效。

三、合同的解释

合同解释是指在当事人对合同条款的理解发生争议时，按照合同所使用的词句、合同的有关条款、合同的目的、交易的习惯以及诚实信用原则，确认该条款的真实意思的行为。

我国对合同的解释，采取主观主义为主、客观主义为辅的合同解释原则。

四、合同的履行、不履行以及合同终止

合同的履行，是指合同生效后，当事人依照合同的约定履行合同义务的行为。依据我国《合同法》的规定，合同履行的基本原则有全面履行原则（Full Performance）、诚实信用原则（Good Faith）以及适当履行原则。

五、违约责任

违约责任，是指违反合同的责任，即当事人不履行或不适当履行合同义务所应承担的民事法律后果。我国《合同法》规定的承担违约责任的方式主要有继续履行、采取补救措施、赔偿损失等。

If a party fails to perform its obligations under a contract, or rendered non-conforming performance, it shall bear the liabilities for breach of contract by specific performance, cure of non-conforming performance or payment of damages, etc.

在我国，非违约方也有防止损失扩大的义务。《合同法》规定，当事人一方违约后，对方应当采取适当措施防止损失的扩大。没有采取适当措施致使损失扩大的，不得就扩大的损失要求赔偿。

Where a party breached the contract, the other party shall take the appropriate measures to prevent further loss; where the other party sustained further loss due to its failure to take the appropriate measures, it may not claim damages for such further loss.

（本文转自公众号“律蚁语言服务社”，已获授权）