举证责任，英文表达为proof of burden，也称证明责任或举证证明责任，是指当作为裁判基础的法律要件事实在诉讼中处于真伪不明的状态时，一方当事人因此而承担的诉讼上的不利后果。

查证责任，英文表达为responsibility of verification，指的是人民法院有权向有关单位和个人调查取证，有关单位和个人不得拒绝。人民法院对有关单位和个人提出的证明文书，应当辨别真伪，审查确定其效力。

参考双语法规：

《民诉法》第六十四条：

当事人对自己提出的主张，有责任提供证据。

A party shall have the responsibility to provide evidence in support of its own propositions.

当事人及其诉讼代理人因客观原因不能自行收集的证据，或者人民法院认为审理案件需要的证据，人民法院应当调查收集。

For the evidence that cannot be obtained by any parties or their litigation representatives because of some realistic reasons or for the evidence that the people’s court considers necessary for adjudicating the case, the people’s court shall investigate and collect such evidence.

人民法院应当按照法定程序，全面地、客观地审查核实证据。

The people’s court shall, according to the procedure prescribed by law, collect and examine evidence comprehensively and objectively.

《民诉法》第六十五条：

人民法院有权向有关单位和个人调查取证，有关单位和个人不得拒绝。

The people’s court shall have the authority to obtain evidence from any relevant units or individuals, and such units or individuals may not refuse to provide evidence.

人民法院对有关单位和个人提出的证明文书，应当辨别真伪，审查确定其效力。

The people’s court shall verify and determine the validity of documentary evidence provided by relevant units or individuals.

参考双语例句：

The Chair of the meeting invited speakers to focus their contributions on the following specific issues regarding the criminalization of cultural property: (a) the availability of statistical data at the national level; (b) the existence of specific legislation on trafficking in cultural property and potential challenges in developing specific legislation; (c) the imposition of strong penalties for trafficking in cultural property; (d) the existence of penalties directed at specific stakeholders or sectors; (e) the question of reversing the burden of proof; (f) criminal law measures criminalizing those requesting and purchasing illicit cultural property; and (g) the use of new technologies in the fight against trafficking in cultural property and the criminalization of such use when done for illicit purposes.

会议主席请发言者在发言时重点讨论与文化财产定罪有关的以下具体问题：(a)国家一级提供统计数据的情况；(b)在贩运文化财产方面的专门立法情况以及在拟订具体法律上所可能遇到的挑战；(c)对贩运文化财产实施强有力的惩处；(d)针对具体利害攸关者或部门的惩处；(e )举证责任倒置的问题；(f)对非法文化财产请求人和购买人加以定罪的刑法措施；以及(g)在打击贩运文化财产行为上使用新的技术以及对为非法目的使用这类技术加以定罪的问题。

Reiterating that the burden of proof was not placed on the accused in cases of torture, he said that, in accordance with the Manual on Effective Investigation and Documentation of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (Istanbul Protocol), judges were authorized to take any steps necessary to ascertain the facts in allegations of torture.

他重申在酷刑案件中，举证责任并非由被告承担，他说按照《有效调查和记录酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格待遇或处罚的手册》（《伊斯坦布尔议定书》，法官有权采取必要步骤，以查明酷刑指控中的事实。

The Court rejected that claim also, on the grounds that it was not relevant to the proceedings as the burden of proof that the colour of the goods was defective at their point of origin was on the buyer, which could (and ought to) have checked the goods on collection rather than at their destination, given that the buyer was perfectly aware of, or at least could not be unaware of, the effect of time and transportation on the colour of the must.

法院也驳回了这一说法，理由是，这与诉讼程序无关，因为证明货物在原产地时就存在颜色瑕疵的举证责任在于买方，买方本能够（且本应该）在收到货物时检查，而不是到了目的地才检查货物，因为买方完全了解，或者说至少不可能不了解时间和运输对果汁颜色的影响。