Emotional distress，或Mental Distress，an increasingly popular basis for a claim of damages in lawsuits for injury due to the negligence or intentional acts of another，即“精神损害、情感伤害”。

在美国的侵权行为法中，导致精神痛苦（infliction of Mental Distress）分为两种：

1、故意的和轻率的导致他人精神痛苦（intentional infliction of Mental Distress）

2、过失的导致他人精神痛苦（Negligent infliction of Mental Distress）。

在我国，精神损害，是指侵权行为所导致的致使受害人心理和感情遭受创伤和痛苦，无法正常进行日常活动的非财产上的损害。如精神上的悲伤、失望、忧虑等。精神损害通常由侵犯人身权而造成，但也不排除因侵犯财产权而引起。前者如侵犯人格尊严或侵犯身体健康权引起受害人精神上的痛苦；后者如行政机关非法拆除相对人的建筑，致使受害人气愤、痛苦。

相关词组搭配：

Chronic emotional stress 慢性情绪应激; 慢性情绪应激方法;

Emotional distress damages 精神损害赔偿

Reactive emotional distress 反应性情绪困扰

Pure emotional distress 纯粹精神损害

参考双语例句：

The Carrier disclaims liability to the Passenger under any circumstances for infliction of emotional distress, mental suffering or psychological injury which is not: (i) the result of physical injury to the Passenger directly caused by the negligence or fault of the crew member, manager, agent, master, owner or operator of the Vessel; (ii) the result of the Passenger having been at actual risk of physical injury directly or indirectly caused by the negligence or fault of the crew member, manager, agent, master, owner or operator of the Vessel; or (iii) intentionally inflicted by the crew member, manager, agent, master, owner or operator of the Vessel.

负责：（i）船隻之船员、经理、代理人、船长、船东或营运人的疏忽或过失而直接造成乘客身体受伤害；或（ii）船隻之船员、经理、代理人、船长、船东或营运人的疏忽或过失而直接或间接造成使乘客身体受伤的真确危险；或（iii）船隻之船员、经理、代理人、船长、船东或营运人故意造成。

the Secretary-General to provide the General Assembly at the main part of its sixty-seventh session with a report on the practice of tribunals in other international organizations and in Member States comparable to the Dispute Tribunal and the Appeals Tribunal regarding the awarding of exemplary or punitive damages, including their practice with regard to awards for moral damages, emotional distress, procedural irregularities and violations of due process

请秘书长向大会第六十七届会议主要会期提交报告，说明其他国际组织 和会员国中与争议法庭和上诉法庭类似的法庭在裁定惩戒性或惩罚性损害赔偿方面的做法，包括就精神损害、精神痛苦、程序违规和违反适当程序作出裁定方面的做法；

Carrier shall not be liable to Guest for damages for emotional distress, mental suffering/anguish or psychological injury of any kind under any circumstances, except when such damage was caused by the wilful neglect or conduct of Carrier or its agent or employees and resulted from the same Guest sustaining actual physical injury, or having been at risk of actual physical injury.

承运人毋须对旅客因任何性质的情绪困扰、精神折磨／痛苦或心理创伤所造成的损害负责，除非此等损害乃由承运人或其代理人或其员工故意疏忽或行为而造成的并且令该位旅客遭受实际人身伤害、或承受实际人身伤害风险。

It may be provided as payment for a wide range of injury, loss or damage caused by the offender, including, for example: costs of medical, physical, psychological or psychiatric treatment required by the victim; lost income and due wages; legal fees and other similar costs; and payment for non-material damages, resulting from moral, physical or psychological injury, emotional distress, pain and suffering.

补偿可以以针对犯罪人所引起的伤害、损失或损害，提供付款，例如包括受害人医疗费用、接受心理、或精神治疗的费用；失去的收入和应得的工资；法律费用和其他类似费用；以及因受道义、身体或精神伤害而对于非物质损害给予的赔偿，以及对于感情上遭受的压力、痛苦以及磨难给予赔偿。