请问“抵消”和“抵销”应该如何区分?

请问“抵消”和“抵销”应该如何区分?

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《辞海》第7版分别对“抵消”和“抵销”作出了如下定义:

“抵消”:亦作“抵销”。两种事物的作用因相反而互相消除;抵偿。如:作用抵消;相互抵消。

“抵销”:两人互为债务时,各以其债权充当债务的清偿,而使其债务与对方的债务在对等额内相互消灭。债的消灭原因之一。有法定抵销和合意抵销两种。前者指在符合法律规定的条件下,经过一方作出抵销的意思表示而使双方的债务发生消灭的抵销。后者指当事人双方通过订立抵销合同而使双方互负的债务消灭的抵销。依意思自治原则,当事人可以自由协商抵销合同的内容及效力,只要约定不违反法律的强制性规定和禁止性规定。

 

在使用时,特别是法律法规和合同中,多为“抵销”,但是有时在翻译的时候没有关注过二者的区别,很容易写成“抵消”,还是需要多加注意。

 

下面以《中国民法典》中的条款为例,看一下“抵销”的用法及其英文译法:

例句1:

原文:

第五百五十七条 有下列情形之一的,债权债务终止:

(一)债务已经履行;

(二)债务相互抵销;

(三)债务人依法将标的物提存;

(四)债权人免除债务;

(五)债权债务同归于一人;

(六)法律规定或者当事人约定终止的其他情形。

合同解除的,该合同的权利义务关系终止。

译文:

Article 557 The creditor's rights and debts shall be terminated under any of the following circumstances:

1. The debts have been repaid;

2. the obligations are mutually offset;

3. the obligor has escrowed the subject matter in accordance with the law;

4. the creditor waives the debt;

5. both claims and obligations belong to the same person; or

6. other circumstances for termination as stipulated by the law or agreed upon by the parties concerned. 

The rights and obligations arising from the rescission of this contract shall be terminated.

 

例句2:

原文:

第五百六十八条 当事人互负债务,该债务的标的物种类、品质相同的,任何一方可以将自己的债务与对方的到期债务抵销;但是,根据债务性质、按照当事人约定或者依照法律规定不得抵销的除外。

当事人主张抵销的,应当通知对方。通知自到达对方时生效。抵销不得附条件或者附期限。

译文:

Article 568 Where parties owe each other obligations, and the subject matter of the said obligations are items of the same kind and quality, either party may offset its own obligation against matured obligations of the other party, except where, depending on the nature of the obligation, or in accordance with the agreement by the parties or legal provisions, the offsetting of obligations is not permitted.

The party who claims such offset shall notify the other party. The notice shall become effective when it reaches the other party. The offset shall not be subject to any condition or time limit.

 

例句3:

原文:

第五百四十九条 有下列情形之一的,债务人可以向受让人主张抵销:

(一)债务人接到债权转让通知时,债务人对让与人享有债权,且债务人的债权先于转让的债权到期或者同时到期;

(二)债务人的债权与转让的债权是基于同一合同产生。

译文:

Article 549 Under any of the following circumstances, the obligor may claim set-off against the assignee:

1. Upon receipt by the obligor of the notice of assignment of the claims, the obligor shall have claims against the assignor which are due prior to or at the same time as the assigned claims;

2. The obligee's right of the obligor and the assigned right of the obligee arise from the same contract.

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