竞业禁止是指企事业单位员工在任职期间及离职后一定时间内不得从事与本企业相竞争业务的一种法律制度,对应的英文为Non-competition或Non-compete。
根据我国现行法的规定,可分为法定竞业禁止和约定竞业禁止两种。
法定竞业禁止,是基于法律的直接规定而产生的,是一种强制性竞业禁止,当事人不得协商免除。如我国《公司法》第61条规定:“董事、经理不得自营或者为他人经营与其所任职公司同类的营业或者从事损害本公司利益的活动。从事上述营业或者活动的,所得收入应当归公司所有。董事、经理除公司章程规定或者股东会同意外,不得同本公司订立合同或者进行交易。”此外,我国的《合伙企业法》、《中外合资经营企业法》中也有相关的规定。我国对法定竞业禁止的规定,多见于一些商事法律中,主要针对的是公司、企业的董事、经理、合伙人等高级管理人员。
约定竞业禁止,是当事人基于合同的约定而产生的。对于约定竞业禁止,目前我国尚无法律明文规定,只是散见于一些行政法规及地方性法规中。劳动部(1996)355号文件《关于企业职工流动中若干问题的通知》规定:“用人单位可以规定掌握经营信息、秘密的职工在解除劳动契约后的一定期限内(不超过三年),不得到生产同类产品或者经营同类业务且有竞争关系的其他用人单位直接或者间接任职,并不得泄露原单位的商业秘密。用人单位应当向受到此种就业限制的雇员支付一定的合理的补偿。” 从上述法规中,可见,单位员工在离职后,没有法律的强制性竞业禁止的规定,只是单位为防止员工任意跳槽泄露商业秘密,造成对自己利益的损害,通过与员工签订竞业禁止契约,约定竞业禁止的义务。
以下为协议中经常出现的一些条款,供参考:
Non-Compete. During the term of this Agreement and for a period of twelve (12) months following the Director’s removal or resignation from the Board of Directors of the Company or any of its subsidiaries or affiliates (the “Restricted Period”), the Director shall not, directly or indirectly, (i) in any manner whatsoever engage in any capacity with any business competitive with the Company’s current lines of business or any business then engaged in by the Company, any of its subsidiaries or any of its affiliates (the “Company’s Business”) for the Director’s own benefit or for the benefit of any person or entity other than the Company or any subsidiary or affiliate; or (ii) have any interest as owner, sole proprietor, stockholder, partner, lender, director, officer, manager, employee, consultant, agent or otherwise in any business competitive with the Company’s Business; provided, however, that the Director may hold, directly or indirectly, solely as an investment, not more than one percent (1%) of the outstanding securities of any person or entity which is listed on any national securities exchange or regularly traded in the over-the-counter market notwithstanding the fact that such person or entity is engaged in a business competitive with the Company’s Business.
竟业禁止。在本协议有效期内以及在董事从本公司或其任何子公司或关联公司离任或辞职后的十二(12)个月期间内(以下简称“限制期”),董事不得直接或间接(1)为董事自身之利益或为除本公司、其子公司或关联公司以外的任何人士或实体之利益,以任何身份,参与与本公司当前业务或本公司当时从事的业务(以下简称“公司业务”)存在竞争关系的任何业务;或(2)在与本公司业务存在竞争关系的业务中,作为所有人、独资经营者、股东、合伙人、贷款人、董事、高管、经理、雇员、顾问、代理人或其他人士持有权益,但董事可直接或间接地仅作为投资持有任何人士或实体的、在任何国家证券交易所上市或在场外交易市场进行定期交易的、1%以下的流通在外的证券(尽管该人士或实体从事与本公司业务存在竞争关系的业务)。
Non-Compete. Employee hereby covenants and agrees that Employee will not, without the prior written consent of the Company, directly or indirectly, whether individually or through any entity controlled by Employee, during the term of this Agreement and for a period of 3 years from the termination of this Agreement, for any reason, directly or indirectly, on his own behalf or in the service or on behalf of others, whether or not for compensation, engage in any business activity, or have any interest in any person, firm, corporation or business, through a subsidiary or parent entity or other entity (whether as a shareholder, agent, joint venturer, security holder, trustee, partner, consultant, creditor lending credit or money for the purpose of establishing or operating any such business, partnership or otherwise) which is competitive with the then existing business of the Company. Notwithstanding the foregoing, Employee may own shares of competing companies whose securities are publicly traded, so long as such securities do not constitute five percent or more of the outstanding securities of any such company.
竟业禁止。雇员在此承诺并同意,在本协议期间及在本协议终止后的3年内,未经公司事先书面同意,雇员不得直接或间接,单独或通过雇员控制的任何实体,出于任何理由,代表其自身、为他人服务或代表他人(无论是否获得报酬),从事任何与本公司届时存在的业务存在竞争性关系的任何业务活动,或在与本公司存在竞争关系的任何人士、企业、公司或业务(通过子公司或母公司或其他实体)中持有权益(无论是作为股东、代理人、合营者、证券持有人、受托人、合伙人、顾问、(为成立或运营该业务、合伙企业或其他)提供信贷的债权人)。尽管有前述规定,雇员可持有证券处于公开交易状态下的竞争性公司的股份,只要该等证券不超过该等公司5%以上在外流通的证券。