probation意为“缓刑”,对被判处一定刑罚的罪犯,在一定期限内附条件地不执行所判刑罚的制度。如果在该期限内遵守了一定的条件,所判刑罚就不再执行,否则,仍然要执行所判刑罚。缓刑为近代学派所倡导。该制度起源于英国的教士恩赦、司法暂缓、具结释放,现代意义上的缓刑起源于美国。随着近代学派的崛起,缓刑制度被推广到了全世界。
缓刑制度的出现是为了纠正短期自由刑的弊端。短期自由刑的弊端,主要有以下几点:(1)期限太短,既不能充分地展开教育、矫正,又使刑罚不具有相应的威慑力。因此难以实现刑罚特殊预防和个别预防的目的。(2)将受刑人和其他犯人关在一起,容易导致交叉感染,习得犯罪经验和技术,强化犯罪意识,增大人身危险性。(3)受刑人多数是初犯,对他们来说,即使是短期自由刑,也会使他们丧失对拘禁的恐惧感,降低其自尊心,容易使他们成为累犯。(4)过多占用监狱设施,成为行刑实务的负担;对受刑人难以组织起来进行劳动,他们在服刑期间不能给社会创造财富,造成社会资源的浪费。
此外,在我国缓刑适用于3年以下有期徒刑(数罪并罚时决定执行的有期徒刑刑期到中期的情况下,若其中一罪有判处缓刑的量刑,应附加吸收原则,使缓行不再执行),中期和长期有期徒刑、无期徒刑、死刑、累犯、犯罪集团首要分子,不适用缓刑。
为了更好的理解该词,以下是其英文释义:Probation in criminal law is a period of supervision over an offender, ordered by the court instead of serving time in prison.In some jurisdictions, the term probation applies only to community sentences (alternatives to incarceration), such as suspended sentences. In others, probation also includes supervision of those conditionally released from prison on parole.
双语例句:
(1)Target groups supported within the framework of state housing policy include lessees deprived of privatisation rights during the ownership reform, children and young people without parental care, disabled people, elderly people, families with many children, persons released from prison and persons under probation supervision, homeless people, cooperative societies and communities, and specialists dealing with planning and development of residential environment.
在国家住房政策框架内得到支助的目标群体,包括在私有化改革期间被剥夺了私有化权利的承租人,没有父母照管的儿童和青年,残疾人,老年人,多子女家庭,牢狱释放人员和缓刑受监视人员,无家可归人员,合作社与合作群体,以及从事居住环境规划和开发的专门人员。
(2)Prison authorities, in cooperation with probation and/or social welfare services, local community groups and non-governmental organizations, shall design and implement comprehensive pre- and post-release reintegration programmes which take into account the gender-specific needs of women.
监狱管理部门应当与缓刑和(或)社会福利机构、当地社区团体和非政府组织合作,设计并实施释放前和释放后重新融入社会的综合方案,其中应考虑到女性性别特有的需求。
(3)Please also indicate whether he has been afforded all fundamental legal safeguards, including access to a lawyer of his choice, and contact with his family, both while on probation and at present.
还请说明是否向他提供所有的基本法律保障,包括在缓刑期间和现在与自己选择的律师接触和与家人联系。