尽管在普通英语中include和consist of都可以译为“包括”,但在法律英语中,并不建议都译为“包括”。通常include后接非详尽无遗的清单,除了列举出来的事项外,还有其他未列举事项。consist of后接详尽无遗的清单,即除列举事项外,无其他事项。
include
1. To contain or take in as a part, element, or member.
2. To consider as part of or allow into a group or class
consist of
to be formed or made up of (specified things or people)
具体可参考如下例句:
Providing legal aid, advice and court support services in all legal proceedings to female victims of violence in order to ensure access to justice and avoid secondary victimization and other such services, which may include the translation of legal documents where requested or required.
在所有法律诉讼程序进行之中向暴力行为女性受害人提供以确保有机 会得到司法救济并避免间接受害为目的的法律援助、咨询和法庭上的支助服务及其他这类服务,其中可包括根据请 求或 需要翻译法律文件。
Economic, social and cultural rights and fundamental freedoms introduced or strengthened under the new Constitution include, inter alia: the right to adequate, nutritious food and [...] clean water; the right to adequate housing; the right to a good standard of health; adequate access to sewerage and electricity; the right to marriage and family; the right to education; the right to work; the right to strike; the right to enjoy a pension; the right to take part in cultural life; and the right to enjoy property.
新《宪法》引进或加强了经济、社会和文化权利和基本自由。除其他外,这特别包括:获得足够 营养丰富的食物和清洁水的权利;适足住房权;获得良好 卫生标准的权利;充足使用排污系统和电力的权利;结婚和家庭权利;受教育的权利;工作权;罢工权;享有退休金的权利;参加文化生活的权利;以及拥有财 产的权利。
A personalized vehicle registration mark shall not be of similar pattern to existing forms of permit/licence numbers, i.e. should not consist of the letters ‘VV’ or ‘T’, at the beginning, and followed by a number, or consist of the letter ‘T’, as the suffix, and preceded by a number.
不得采用与现行许可证/牌照号码相似的式样,即不得由英文字母“VV”或“T”( 置于开端)和一个尾随数字组成,亦不得由英文字母“T”(作为结尾)和一个前缀数字组成。
The Appeal Board shall consist of the Chairman or a Deputy Chairman who shall preside at the hearing and such number of persons, not being fewer than 2, from the panel referred to in section 61A(5) as the Chairman may appoint to be members of the Appeal Board to hear any appeal.
上诉委员会由主席(或一名副主席)以及不少于 2 名其他成员组成,该等其他成员来自第 61A(5)条所指的备选委员小组,由主席为聆讯上诉的目的而委任为上诉委员会成员,人数由主席决定,而聆讯则由主席或副主席主持。