Challenge在法律英语中的含义如下:(1)对……表示异议;反对;质疑(以起诉或申请等方式对合法性或法律资格等问题正式提出疑问)。(2)向……挑战(3)申请(法官或陪审员)回避。
(1)对……表示异议;反对;质疑
The parties waive any right to apply to any court of law and/or other judicial authority to determine any preliminary point of law and/or review any question of law and/or the merits, insofar as such waiver may validly be made. The parties shall not be deemed, however, to have waived any right to challenge any award on the ground that the Tribunal lacked substantive jurisdiction and/or on the ground of serious irregularity affecting the Tribunal, the proceedings or the award to the extent allowed by the law of the seat of arbitration. 各方放弃向任何法院及/或其他司法机构申请就任何初始法律要点及/或审核任何法律问题及/或事实的权利,只要能合法地作出上述弃权。但是,不得基于仲裁庭缺乏实体管辖权及/或影响仲裁庭、诉讼或判决的严重程序瑕疵(在仲裁地法律允许的情况下)而视为各方已放弃对判决提出质疑的权利。
(2)向……挑战,此含义一般很少用,常见的短语搭配有challenge to fight等。
Challenge to fight 要求他人决斗而向其挑战:以口头或书面形式要求他人与自己决斗的行为。在英国普通法上,要求他人决斗或试图诱使他人对自己提出决斗挑战的行为属轻罪,可受罚金或监禁处罚。1967年(刑法Criminal Law Act)废除了此种犯罪。
(3)申请(法官或陪审员)回避,庭审术语。
英国“庭审”中对陪审官的回避申请分为以下两种:
Peremptory challenge 无因回避请求:A peremptory challenge is used by attorneys in the jury selection process to excuse potential jurors without providing a reason why. 被告人及其辩护律师享有无因回避的申请权利,被告人可要求7名陪审官回避。中国不采取无因回避,当事人及其法定代理人申请回避应说明理由,并应符合诉讼法的有关规定。
Challenge for cause有因回避请求:to ask a member of the jury panel be excused because there appears to be a specific reason, set out in the court rule, that one is not legally qualified to act as a juror in this case. 指申请陪审员回避时必须说明理由,诉讼双方均可提出,是否回避,由法官裁决。它一般包括对整个陪审团的回避请求(challenge to the array)和对个别陪审员的回避请求(challenge to the separate polls)。