禁制令指的是法院签发的要求当事人做某事或某行为或禁止其做某事或某行为的命令。它是一项衡平法上的救济措施。当普通法上对某种损害行为不能提供充分的救济时,便可寻求以禁制令来作为补救。它主要用于防止将来某种损害行为的发生,而不是对已发生的损害给予补偿,或是对不能以金钱来衡量或者给予金钱损害赔偿并非恰当的解决方式的损害行为提供救济。禁制令对应的英文为“injunction”
禁制令根据其存续时间长短,又可分为临时禁制令和永久禁制令。
临时禁制令也称预防性禁制令,是在起诉后作出判决前法院签发的禁制令,禁止被告实施或继续某项行为。签发预防性禁制令,必须:(1)申请人胜诉的可能性较大,且如不签发禁制令,申请人将受到难以弥补的损害;或(2)申请人胜诉的可能性虽然不大,但已提出应当进一步调查的有实质意义的、艰难争议点,如不签发禁制令,其所受损害将超过其他人。
这里的临时可用“preliminary”表示,因此这一术语为“preliminary injunction”,其英文释义如下:
Preliminary injunctions are given before trial. Because they are issued at an early stage, before the court has heard the evidence and made a decision in the case, they are more rarely given. The requirements for a preliminary injunction tend to be the same as for a permanent injunction, with the additional requirement that the party asking for the injunction is likely to succeed on the merits.
与临时禁制令相对应的是永久禁制令(Perpetual injunction or permanent injunction)。指法院对案件经过最终的实体审理之后发布的没有期限限制的禁制令。Permanent injunctions are issued after trial.
以下为相关双语示例:
Moreover, procedural rules normally applicable in federal courts require allegations pertaining to a preliminary injunction or temporary restraining order to be detailed and specific.
此外,通常适用于联邦法院的程序规则要求与初步禁令或临时限制令有关的指控详细而具体。
The action, filed in the United States District Court in the Northern District of California, alleges that the defendants have infringed a patent owned by ActivIdentity, and seeks damages and a permanent injunction.
ActivIdentity公司向加利福尼亚州北区美国地方法院提起了这起诉讼,指控被告侵犯了其一项专利,要求被告赔偿因此造成的损失,寻求法院颁布一项永久性禁令。