这两个词组中的“notice”指的并非“通知”,而是“认知”。
judicial notice 司法认知
指法庭对众所周知的且无争议的事实予以承认和接受,从而免除当事人对该事实的举证责任。可被司法认知的事实范围广泛,如国家法律、国际法、历史事件、地理特征等。法庭可以主动对某一事实予以司法认知,也可以应当事人的申请进行。
Judicial notice is a means of bringing before a trial or appellate court “matters [that] are assumed to be indisputably true, [so that] the introduction of evidence to prove them will not be required.”
mandatory judicial notice指强制性司法认知
强调的是Facts that are so universally known(众所周知的事实)that they cannot reasonably be disputed (adjudicative); must be requested by a party;include:
A. Meaning of legal expressions (legislative)
B. Meaning of English words and phrases (legislative)
C. Federal and state law and official regulations of the forum state or federal government (legislative)
D. Federal and state rules of procedure (legislative)
permissive judicial notice指任意性司法认知
On its own, the court may take judicial notice of certain matters(法院可自行对下述事项中的事实直接予以认定)
A. Facts that are not reasonably subject to dispute and are capable of accurate determination from undisputable sources, such as almanacs and encyclopedias (e.g., time of sunset on a particular date)
B. Facts that are such common knowledge locally that they cannot be reasonably disputed (e.g., the location of a certain road)
C. Records of state or federal court
D. Laws of other states or nation
E. Administrative regulations and orders
以下为相关双语示例,供参考:
The Tribunal amended rule 94 (B) in order to clarify the law pertaining to the judicial notice of adjudicated facts, in order to ensure efficient use [...] of the Rules by the parties to the proceedings.
法庭对规则第94(B)条进行了修正,以澄清关于已裁定事实的司法认知的法律,并确保诉讼的各个当事方有效利用规则。
Already, more than 3,500 documents have been admitted into evidence, 68 witnesses called by the Prosecution have been heard, and judicial notice of approximately 2,300 adjudicated facts has been taken.
3500多份文件已被采纳为证据,听取了68名检方传唤的证人证词,并对大约2300项裁定事实予以司法认知。