货币性资产是指持有的现金及将以固定或可确定金额的货币收取的资产，包括现金、应收账款和应收票据以及准备持有至到期的债券投资等。这里的现金包括库存现金、银行存款和其他货币资金。

货币性资产的英文为“monetary assets”。其英文释义如下：Monetary assets include cash and cash equivalents, such as cash on hand, bank deposits, investment accounts, accounts receivable (AR), and notes receivable, all of which can readily be converted into a fixed or precisely determinable amount of money.

会计处理上，货币性资产交换同时满足下列条件的，应当以公允价值和应支付的相关税费作为换入资产的成本，公允价值与换出资产账面价值的差额计入当期损益：该项交换具有商业实质；换入资产或换出资产的公允价值能够可靠地计量。换入资产和换出资产公允价值均能够可靠计量的，应当以换出资产的公允价值作为确定换入资产成本的基础，但有确凿证据表明换入资产的公允价值更加可靠的除外。

非货币性资产，指货币性资产以外的资产，包括存货、固定资产、无形资产、股权投资以及不准备持有至到期的债券投资等。非货币性资产有别于货币性资产的最基本特征是，其在将来为企业带来的经济利益，即货币金额是不固定的或不可确定的。

非货币性资产的英文为“Non-monetary assets”。其英文释义如下：A nonmonetary asset refers to an asset that a company holds that does not have a precise dollar value and is not easily convertible to cash or cash equivalents. Companies categorize nonmonetary assets as either tangible assets or intangible assets.

一般来说，资产负债表所列示的项目中属于非货币性资产的有：股权投资、预付账款、存货（在途物资、原材料、包装物、低值易耗品、库存商品、委托加工物资、委托代销商品、分期收款发出商品、生产成本）、不准备持有至到期的债券投资、固定资产、工程物资、在建工程、无形资产等。

以下为相关双语示例，供参考：

除企业合并形成以外的：以支付现金取得的，按照实际支付的购买价款作为其初始投资成本；以发行权益性证券取得的，按照发行权益性证券的公允价值作为其初始投资成本；以债务重组方式取得的，按《企业会计准则第 12 号——债务重组》确定其初始投资成本；以非货币性资产交换取得的，按《企业会计准则第 7 号——非货币性资产交换》确定其初始投资成本。

In case of an equity investment not acquired through business combination, the initial investment cost is the purchase price actually paid if it is acquired by cash, or the fair value of the equity securities issued if it is acquired through issuance of equity securities, or determined in accordance with the Accounting Standards for Business Enterprises No. 12 -- Debt Restructuring if it is acquired through debt restructuring, or determined in accordance with the Accounting Standards for Business Enterprises No. 7 -- Exchange of Non-monetary Assets if it is acquired through exchange of non-monetary assets.

政府补助在同时满足下列条件时予以确认：(1) 公司能够满足政府补助所附的条件；(2) 公司能够收到政府补助。政府补助为货币性资产的，按照收到或应收的金额计量。政府补助为非货币性资产的，按照公允价值计量；公允价值不能可靠取得的，按照名义金额计量。

Government grants are recognized if (i) the Company meets the conditions attaching to the government grants; and (ii) the Company will receive the government grants. Government grants in the form of monetary assets are measured at the amount received or receivable. Government grants in the form of non-monetary assets are measured at fair value, or if their fair value is unavailable, at nominal amount.