Provision和reserve均表示为未来支出预留的资金,但是,二者表示的含义有所不同:provision是为可能发生的未来支出或其他财务影响(比如,价值损失)预留的资金,这些支出或损失与当前会计期间有关,但由于尚未发生,其金额或时间具有不确定性;reserve是企业为满足未来某些需求(比如,企业扩大规模)或应对未来突发事件从利润中预留的资金。也就是说,provision是对利润的冲抵,只能在provision记入损益账户之后计算净利润,而reserve是对利润的分配,只能在计算净利润之后设立reserve。
对于provision而言,可以分为以下几类:1. provision for bad debt,是对未来无法收回的应收账款的估计,企业通常基于先前会计期间或行业平均水平进行估计;2. provision for depreciation,用于计算固定资产在使用过程中价值减少的部分,并将其计入成本或费用;3. provision for tax,是企业为缴纳未来税款而预留的资金。对于reserve而言,可以分为capital reserve和revenue reserve。Capital reserve源自资本利润,不能以股利形式向股东分派;revenue reserve源自企业核心业务赚取的利润,是利润中未向股东分派且由企业保留的资金,该等资金可用于扩大企业规模。
例句1:
Undistributable reserves (不可分派的储备), in relation to a company, means—
(a) subject to subsection (2), the amount by which the company’s accumulated, unrealized profits, so far as not previously utilized by capitalization, exceeds its accumulated, unrealized losses, so far as not previously written off in a reduction or reorganization of capital; or
(b) any other reserve that the company is prohibited from distributing by an Ordinance (other than this Part) or by its articles.
不可分派的储备(undistributable reserves)就公司而言——
(a) 除第(2)款另有规定外,指该公司以往尚未透过资本化运用的累积未实现利润,超出该公司以往尚未因股本减少或股本重组而冲销的累积未实现亏损的款额;或
(b) 指任何条例(本部除外)或该公司的章程细则禁止该公司分派的任何其他储备;
(《公司条例》(香港法例第622章)第290条)
例句2:
For the purposes of this Part, a provision other than an amount specified in subsection (2) is to be regarded as a realized loss.
就本部而言,不属第(2)款指明的款额的准备金,须视为已实现亏损。
(《公司条例》(香港法例第622章)第292(i)条)