necessity: 紧急避险
[law] the agent is not leagaly responsible for whatever done through such situation
例句:Counter-attacking the infringement from a person without ability of responsibility should be considered as defensive necessity.
对无责任能力人的侵袭予以反击行为应属于防御性紧急避险。
翻译这一词时,不能直接根据其字面意思,将“紧急”翻译为“emergency”,“避险”翻译为“danger prevention”,而是要在了解其意思的基础上进行翻译,同时要查一查目的语中有无对应的惯用表达。
紧急避险,又称“紧急避难”。是指为了使公共利益、本人或者他人的人身和其他权利免受正在发生的危险,不得已而采取的损害较小的另一方的合法利益,以保护较大的合法权益的行为。排除社会危害性行为的一种。
经查询元照英美法词典,可以发现英语中一般使用“necessity”一词来表示紧急避险:
necessity
在美国,指行为人在非由自身行为引起的紧急情况下,为了避免造成更大的损害,在别无其他选择的情况下所实施的侵害行为。在英国,有关紧急避险是否构成刑事抗辩理由这一点并不完全明确。在某些情况下,紧急避险可作为侵权行为诉讼的抗辩理由,但这可能仅限于在保护生命或财产的紧急情况下所作的行为。在这种紧急情况下所采取的措施必须是合理的。
此外,necessity defense一词同样也可以用来表示紧急避险:
Occasionally, a person faces a situation that requires doing something illegal in order to prevent serious harm. In such a situation, the defense of necessity, which is also called the "lesser of two evils" defense, may come into play.
因此,“紧急避险”的英文可以为“necessity”或“necessity defense”。
以下为相关双语示例:
我国刑法分则对每一种具体的犯罪规定了轻重不同的刑罚种类和幅度,刑法总则又规定了未成年人、精神病人、又聋又哑的人、盲人等特殊犯罪主体以及正当防卫、紧急避险、犯罪预备、未遂和中止、共同犯罪、累犯、自首和立功等特殊条件下的从轻、从重、减轻、免除处罚的情形。
The specific provisions of the Criminal Law specify types and range of minor and major punishments for each specific crime, while the general provisions set forth circumstances for a lighter punishment, a heavier punishment, punishment reduction and exemption against special criminals such as minors, mentally challenged persons and people who are hearing and speech, or vision impaired and under special conditions such as justifiable defense, necessity defense, preparation for a crime, criminal attempt and discontinuation, joint crimes, recidivists, voluntary surrender and meritorious service.