这个词术语美国刑法术语,指人身保护法、人身保护令、人身保护状等。
我在不同词典中查到了以下几种释义,供理解参考:
剑桥词典给出的解释是:a legal order that states that a person in prison must appear before and be judged by a court of law before he or she can be forced by law to stay in prison 人身保护令(指规定当事人被依法监禁前必须出庭的令状)
Legal dictionary 给出的解释是:A writ (court order) that commands an individual or a government official who has restrained another to produce the prisoner at a designated time and place so that the court can determine the legality of custody and decide whether to order the prisoner's release. 即“人身保护状”。
必应词典给出的解释是:人身保护法(对被拘禁者的羁押期予以限制)a law that states that a person who has been arrested should not be kept in prison longer than a particular period of time unless a judge in court has decided that it is right。
据我查看美国刑法相关内容的初步理解,如果在刑事方面涉及到habeas corpus,是被判了10年以上甚至到死刑的情况。上诉接受的档案仅限于一身判决的卷宗,任何不在卷宗内的证据、情况、细节都不予考虑。而habeas corpus就是接受不在一审卷宗的各种细节的保护被告的权益的程序。habeas corpus分两种,州级的和联邦级的。州级的即 state habeas corpus, 简称SHC,联邦级的即federal habeas corpus,简称FHC。FHC的目的在今天几乎等同于把死刑改成无期,曾经超过90%的死刑求到FHC这里都变成了无期,所以FHC的门槛比较高,“只有在申请人用尽了所有州立法院提供的上诉和SHC程序,才能申请FHC。”所以一个被告的habeas corpus之路是从州立法院开始的。